My mentor, back in the late 60's, told me "remember, when you are pulling a ball, you are holding onto the projectile".
The way he taught me to pull a ball,
1. let it "cook off" for 30 minutes with muzzle in safe direction.
2. plug the touch hole or nipple and fill the barrel with kerosene, let stand overnight. This will "kill" the powder and soften the crud.
3. pour out excess oils before pulling
4. use a "T" rod with pinned ends and a tapered screw.
5. hook "T" over something solid but with muzzle pointing in safe direction.
6. pull hard
7. give her a good cleaning, check touch hole, percussion-pull nipple and clean drum area.
Its a messy way but it works, I have done several times. His thoughts were to never have anyone in front of the barrel, he stood beside the barrel when screwing the rod into the ball. He used a tapered screw with wide threads, it seemed to grab the lead better.
He was the "go to guy" when anyone had muzzy problems in this area.
I like the new CO2 outfits, a lot less messy and faster.
I have been to shoots where they had a portable air tank with the nozzle having a rubber end. Any problems, owner keeps muzzle down range and range master has a safety guy use tank to dislodge ball and be sure rifle is clear before clearing range.